Latin vinum cast a long shadow: English received it through Germanic, Spanish kept it nearly intact, and Esperanto consciously chose it. Chinese 酒 took no such journey — its ancient character pictures fermented liquid in a vessel, made long before any grape reached the Middle Kingdom. That vinum itself may have entered Latin from a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean source makes the spread all the stranger. Wherever the vine travels, it insists on being named.
Entered Old English as wīn from Proto-Germanic *wīną, itself a loanword from Latin vinum — making English 'wine' a Latin word that arrived via a Germanic detour.
A vessel (酉) holding liquid (氵): the character encodes the act of fermentation before abstraction was required. In oracle-bone script, 酉 depicts an amphora-shaped jar; the three water strokes mark its contents. The pairing says simply: this is the liquid that lives in the jar.
酒 covers fermented and distilled drinks broadly; grape wine is specified as 葡萄酒 (pútáo jiǔ, 'grape-cluster wine'), where 葡萄 is a Silk Road loanword from Central Asian sources, arriving in China roughly during the Han Dynasty.
Zamenhof drew from Romance vino rather than Germanic Wein or Slavic forms, making Esperanto vino the phonetically most Latin of the four words here. The productive noun suffix -o is present but unremarkable.
The grape, wherever it ferments, insists on being named.